Why Not Eat Insects by Marcel Dicke Movie Review

Essays on Why Not Eat Insects by Marcel Dicke Movie Review The paper "Why Not Eat Insects? by Marcel Dicke" is an excellent example of a movie review on biology. Marcel Dicke in the Video â€Å"Why not eat insects† s that that 80% of the world’s animals walk on six legs; therefore, they are insects (Dicke). In the world’s biodiversity, there are 6 million species of insects. This leads to the assertion that the world is a planet of insects and not humans since they are more abundant than humans.   Dicke argues that insects are significant contributors to the economy, even though people may not be aware of the fact; insects contribute free of charge towards developing the economy. Therefore, insects are not only contributors to the economy but also major delicacies in various parts of the world such as China (Dicke). However, while people in some parts knowingly consume insects as part of their daily diet, almost all people in the world consume insects unknowingly. This occurs because food processing makes use of products that are derived from insects. Therefore, food additives such as natural dyes are produced by insects. This means that insects contribute on a large scale to feeding the world’s population.Dicke observes that the world population is increasing dramatically; hence, there is a corresponding increase in the demand for food. Therefore, insects offer the only solution to the escalating global food problem. In addition, insects have a higher nutrient content in comparison to regular protein sources. Therefore, he argues that it is more economical to invest in insect production than investing in other forms of food. Evidently, 70% of the global agricultural land is used for livestock production (Dicke). This land would be significant enough to produce insects to feed the entire world. Already over 80% of the world’s population are eating insects; therefore, the remaining 20% should follow suit (Dicke). All that is required is changing perceptions and mindsets in as far as insects are concerned. A number of entrepreneurs have already taken up serving insects as delicacies in their restaurants; hence, kick-starting the road towards a world that values insects as a primary source of nutrition.

What are the Principles of criminal liability Free Essays

SECTION A 1.The facts of the case are that the defendant (Morris) went into a self-service store in which he picked some articles (items) from the shelves. He then swapped the price tags of those items with lower ones. We will write a custom essay sample on What are the Principles of criminal liability? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The defendant then carried the items to the till where he presented the articles and paid the lower (unreal) price for them. He was apprehended and convicted of theft by means of appropriation contrary to section 1(1) of the Theft Act 1968 and was fined ˆ50 for each count of theft in which the payment period must not exceed 3 months. The defendant appealed against the ruling of the Crown court on the assertion that the jury was misguided to hold that the substitution of price tickets or tags of articles with lower ones by the appellant as appropriation under section 3(1) of the Theft Act 1968. Secondly, as to the question of what appropriation really meant in the theft act and implications of switching price labels of goods in a self service shop. The Court of Appeal confirmed that the decision of the Crown Court was right and the appeal was dismissed. When it got to the House of Lords, it was still refused. 2.The original decision was that the defendant was convicted in the Crown court for theft contrary to section 1(1) of the Theft Act 1968 which says that ‘A person is guilty of theft if he dishonestly appropriates property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it; and â€Å"thief† and â€Å"steal† shall be construed accordingly’. He was fined ˆ100 for two counts of theft (ˆ50 for each count) in which he was to complete the payments within a period not exceeding 3 months or face a jail sentence of 74 days for each count of theft upon failure to pay the fines. 3. The jury was instructed by the judge that the defendant was guilty of theft by appropriation under Section 3(1) of the Theft Act 1968 if it was established that he switched the prices of the articles in the self-service shop. He was found guilty and convicted. The defendant appealed on the grounds that the jury was misguided by the judge that the switching of price tags of articles in the shop by him was appropriation according to section 3(1) of the 1968 Theft Act. Secondly, the defendant appealed against the conviction to query the real meaning of appropriation according to the Theft Act 1968 and the implication of swapping labels or price tickets on articles in a shop in order purchase at a lower price. 4.The case was first heard in the Crown Court where the defendant was convicted and fined ˆ100. The defendant later appealed in the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) where the appellant (Morris) claimed that the assistant recorder (Judge) misguided the jury by directing them to see the swapping of price ticket or tag of articles by the appellant as appropriation under Section 3(1) of the Theft Act 1968. The decision was upheld in the Court of Appeal and his appeal was dismissed. The appellant then took it to the House of Lords (which was then the final court of appeal). 5.The final outcome of the appeals was that they were all dismissed. The defendant had first appealed against the decision of the Crown court in the Court of Appeal. The appeal was based on the claim that the judge misled the jury by directing them to see the switching of price tickets of articles by the appellant as appropriation under Section 3(1) of the Theft Act 1968. Also, the appellant appealed against his conviction to inquire on what appropriation really denotes according to the Theft Act 1968 and the implication of swapping labels of articles or goods in a shop in order to cheat the owner. But the appeal was not allowed. The Court of Appeal established that the direction by the Judge in the Crown court was valid and that the prosecution ought not to prove that the appellant assumed all the rights of the owner; but it is sufficient if the appellant assumed any of the rights of the owner claiming an article as his. In the present case, by taking the articles from the shelves, the appellant had appropriated and replacing the price tickets with lower ones meant that he was claiming one of the rights of the owner. The appellant was still found guilty of theft by appropriation and the appeal was still dismissed by the Court of Appeal. The appellant requested for leave to appeal to the House of Lords but was denied by the Court of Appeal. The application for leave to appeal was later granted to the appellant by the Appeals Committee of the House of Lords but the leave to appeal was denied; and the appeal was finally dismissed. SECTION B ‘A person is guilty of theft if he dishonestly appropriates property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other from it’. The elements of theft in the above definition can be classified under the actus reus and men rea. The actus reus elements are appropriation, property, and belonging to another. While the means rea elements are dishonesty and intention to permanently deprive. APPROPRIATION- This is defined in Section 3(1) of the Theft Act 1968 as ‘Any assumption by a person of the rights of an owner amounts to an appropriation, and this includes, where he has come by the property (innocently or not) without stealing it, any later assumption of a right to it by keeping or dealing with it as owner’. There is no prerequisite that all the rights of the owner must be assumed, but any of the rights is sufficient. In Morris (1983)[6], the defendant entered a self-service store where he picked some items from the shelves. He then swapped the price tickets of those items with lower ones. The defendant then carried the items to the till where he presented the articles and paid the lower price for them. He was apprehended and convicted of theft by means of appropriation contrary to section 3(1) of the Theft Act 1968. It was held that the appropriation took place at the point of the labels, which was one of the rights of the owner. PROPERTY- In order to establish liability, one must prove that the defendant appropriated a ‘property’. Section 4(1)of the theft act defines property in terms of cash, real or private, intangible and things in action like patent rights, debt, etc. that can be legally enforceable. Intangible property has no physical existence. However, private information does not amount to intangible property in the context of s 4(1). In Oxford v Moss a University student took a copy of an exam paper which he read and returned after using the information to cheat in the exam. It was held that confidential information could not amount to an intangible property under s 4(1) of the Theft Act 1968. Therefore, it can’t be stolen. BELONGING TO ANOTHER- Section 5(1)of the act specifies that property will be deemed belonging to anybody in possession or ‘control of it’. Ironically this means that one could be criminally responsible for theft of their properties if it is in someone’s possession. In Turner (1971) the defendant brought his car to a garage to be repaired. The job was completed but He used his spare key to take the car from the garage without paying. Turner was found guilty of stealing his own car since he intended to ‘permanently deprive’ the present possessor of his car. DISHONESTY- This was not really defined by the act. Section 2(1) just describes situations where a person is not considered as being dishonest, that is, if he has justification to deny the other person of his property and trusts the other party will approve of that. In Ghosh (1982) the Court of Appeal established a two-stage test for dishonesty which encompasses both objective and subjective elements. The jury ought to answer these questions: Has the defendant been dishonest by the ordinary standards of reasonable and honest people (objective test)If the answer is yes, did the defendant realise that he or she was dishonest by those standards (subjective test)If the answer is yes to the second question, there is dishonesty. The accused acts were dishonest and he realised it. The appeal was dismissed and conviction upheld. INTENTION TO PERMANENTLY DEPRIVE- Under Section 6(1)of the Act, a person is regarded as having the required intention if he/she treats property as his/her own irrespective of the owner’s rights. In Lavender (1994), the defendant removed two doors from a council property which he used replace damaged doors in his girlfriend’s house which owned by the same council. It was held that Lavender had the intention to permanently deprive under section 6(1) as he treated the doors as his own to dispose of irrespective of the rights of the owners. BIBLIOGRAPHY-BOOKS, JOURNALS, AND STATUTES. (Stefan Fafinski and Emily Finch, 2007. Criminal Law, p. 157, Pearson Education Limited) The Theft Act 1968 (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1968/60/enacted ) WEB SOURCES Westlaw-R v Morris (David) [1983] 2 W.L.R. 768, [1983] Q.B. 587(http://login.westlaw.co.uk/maf/wluk/app/document?src=rlsuppsrguid=ia744d05e000001305bc8fe7a0c5eae54docguid=I5ABBC1D0E42811DA8FC2A0F0355337E9hitguid=I5ABB9AC1E42811DA8FC2A0F0355337E9spos=106epos=106td=175crumb-action=appendcontext=20resolvein=true) Lexis library- R v Morris [1983] 2 All ER 448 (http://www.lexisnexis.com/uk/legal/search/runRemoteLink.do?langcountry=GBlinkInfo=F%23GB%23ALLER%23sel2%252%25year%251983%25page%25448%25sel1%251983%25vol%252%25risb=21_T12097631828bct=Aservice=citationA=0.8364451140113925) The Law of Theft (http://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Theft.php) Cases on Theft (http://www.lawteacher.net/criminal-law/cases/theft-cases.php) Theft (http://sixthformlaw.info/01_modules/mod3a/3_60_propety_offences/01_theft.htm) Power Point Presentation on theft (heolddulaw.wikispaces.com/file/view/13+Theft.ppt) How to cite What are the Principles of criminal liability?, Essay examples

The Effectiveness of Almonds with Honey free essay sample

You can try following homemade face packs as they are cost effective and they actually work wonders to give you a smooth and glowing complexion. This paper collects and analyses the latest data and samples corresponding to the study of Almonds with honey for curing facial and skin problems. It also highlights the current problems such as oily skin, blackheads and dark skin that usually occur to women. Natural ways of treatment applying to skin through foods we eat have been continuously recognized upon humankinds. The intelligence of people nowadays, gave a great impact not only in the field of health but also in the development of resourcefulness. Honey is loaded with anti-microbial properties and is a natural antioxidant. Honey fights microbial infections that cause acne without irritating your skin. Honey also pulls out impurities from your pores that would normally stay clogged, festering bacteria that causes pimples. It will also help restore your skin’s texture and reduce damage done to your skin by the sun and daily environments you come in contact with. Fortunately, the delicately flavored and versatile almond is available throughout the year to make a healthy and tasty addition to both sweet and savory dishes. This nut is also packed with vitamin E, copper and folic acid. It is also very rich in antioxidant phytochemicals, which boosts up the body’s immune system. They are absolutely beneficial. Nevertheless, Almonds and honey are nutritious foods that can cure and prevent many diseases. As a matter of fact, these also reduce risk of heart disease, diabetes and heart attack. III. Statement of the problem The effectiveness of Almonds and honey aims to answer the following questions: . Are these foods effective enough to prevent oily and dark skin? b. Does the product have bad effects upon using this? c. Are they easy to apply to skin or use for prevention? IV. Significance of the study The study of the almonds with honey used for skin care would be beneficial to society and specific persons. Due to self awareness, the researc her came up with a good study that can contribute to the wellness of the country. The study’s goal is designed to have an easier source for prevention and to be aware with the other benefits of the foods we have. Also, this product will be very useful for us humankinds because of its inexpensiveness but an effective way of curing. In the field of business and economy, this product can be a great source of income for people who are not employed. With this, sales in the market would be increasing. Furthermore, we can export this to other countries for the improvement of the country’s economy. For other researchers all over the world, this product will give them brilliant ideas for producing and learning more researches that can be used in our daily lives. Additional, they can also improve this product to contribute new knowledge in science. Study and Sources The review of the study deals on how almonds with honey contribute to skin health and care. It focuses on the minerals and nutrients which are used in attaining a great solution for skin and facial problems. Thus, other benefits and important details are also included in the study. Facts were gathered from the Internet as references to be able to complete the information needed. A. What is an almond (Prunus dulcis)? The almond is a species of tree native to the Middle East and South Asia. Almond is also the name of the edible and widely cultivated seed of this tree. Within the genus Prunus, it is classified with the peach in the subgenus Amygdalus, distinguished from the other subgenera by the corrugated shell (endocarp) surrounding the seed. Source: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Almond B. What are the causes of having an oily and dark skin? Oily skin is caused by over-active seb aceous glands, which produce a substance called sebum, a naturally healthy skin lubricant. When the skin produces excessive sebum, it becomes heavy and thick in texture. Oily skin is typified by shininess, blemishes and pimples. The oily-skin type is not necessarily bad, since such skin is less prone to wrinkling, or other signs of aging because the oil helps to keep needed moisture locked into the epidermis. The natural skin color can be darkened as a result of tanning due to exposure to sunlight. The leading theory is that skin color adapts to intense sunlight irradiation to provide partial protection against the ultraviolet fraction which produces damage and thus mutations in the DNA of the skin cells. Source: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Human_skin#Oily_skin http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Human_skin_color C. Health benefits of Almonds and Honey Almonds are a very good source of vitamin E and manganese. Almonds are a good source of magnesium, copper, riboflavin (vitamin B2), and phosphorus. Fortunately, although one-quarter cup of almonds contains about 18 grams of fat, most of it (11 grams) is heart-healthy monounsaturated fat. The benefits of honey go beyond its great taste. It is natures energy booster and a great immunity system builder. Honey is a natural remedy for many ailments. Source: http://www. whfoods. com/genpage. php? tname=foodspiceamp;dbid=20 http://www. benefits-of-honey. com/health-benefits-of-honey. html VI. Definition of terms Complexion- refers to the natural color, texture, and appearance of the skin, especially that of the face. Antioxidant- is a molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules. Hypothesis- is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. Prevention- to avoid doing; stay away from dangerous or risky things. Wellness- the quality or state of being healthy in body and mind especially as the result of deliberate effort. Remedies- treatments that employ common items from the home Self-awareness- is the capacity for introspection and the ability to reconcile oneself as an individual separate from the environment and other individuals. VII. Hypothesis * Almonds with Honey are effective treatment for reducing the oiliness and darkness of the skin. Applying the treatment by using almonds with honey makes the skin unhealthy. Â  The preparation for the application of using almonds with honey is as follows: Materials: Almonds Honey Washcloth Clean water Procedure: Mix a small amount of ground almonds with honey amp; gently massage into your skin with a hot washcloth. You can use this to gently scrub your face, getting rid of the excess oil on the surface of your skin and the dead skin cells. Finally, rinse cool water.

Losing Faith in Dave Eggers Zeitoun free essay sample

Natural disasters affect many individuals throughout the world. One natural disaster that was known to affect the lives of thousands of Americans is Hurricane Katrina. One particular person affected by this hurricane is a man named Abdulrahman Zeitoun, who ventured through the destructed city of New Orleans helping those in need, while experiencing the malevolent actions placed upon him. Abdulrahman Zeitoun is an individual that underwent an enormous change as a result of Hurricane Katrina. Abdulrahman’s faith was being tested. After the hurricane, Zeitoun experienced many unfortunate events throughout New Orleans and was accused of looting and suspected of being a terrorist taking advantage of the anarchy New Orleans was in. Zeitoun thought he was doing â€Å"[God’s] work† (Eggers 262) by staying in the destructed city and helping those in need, explained in Dave Eggers’ book, Zeitoun. How could a man continue to believe in his faith in God when things he thought were right brought misfortune to him? Zeitoun started to doubt his religion, his God. We will write a custom essay sample on Losing Faith in Dave Eggers Zeitoun or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A change which he experienced due to the results of Katrina. The love towards Abdulrahman’s wife, Kathy Zeitoun, diminished as a result of the hurricane. As stated in Naomi Martin’s article of the trial between Kathy and Abdulrahman, Kathy Zeitoun was considered as his ex-wife, indicating the bond between husband and wife was no more. The separation between the couple could also be considered as Abdulrahmans disbelief in his faith, since he believed the things God hated most were murder, divorce, and waste (Eggers 48). The divorce with Kathy showed Abdulrahmans faith in his religion slowly fading. One of my classmates shared the fact that Zeitoun was such a God fearing man within Dave Eggers Zeitoun, no one would have guessed divorce was an outcome. My classmate, Andrea Brunner’s, response towards the change Abdulrahman experienced was not a surprise for her since she believes people can change and we can never ge to know others very well. Even with Eggers book there are slight changes of Abdulrahmans character, so it should not be much of a surprise if it continues after the events of Katrinas aftermath. The results of Hurricane Katrina brought a heavy toll on Abdulrahman’s mind  and body. He experienced a excruciating pain on his side, which continue to grow each day he spent in New Orleans. Abdulrahman â€Å"had lost [his] perspective† (Eggers 262), since the pain he experienced was considered a punishment from God for staying in Orleans, for not listening to those that warned him of the impending doom. As a strong believer towards his religion, Abdulrahman thought he was doing what God intended by staying, but instead was punished for what he thought was right. During his time in New Orleans Abdulrahman was confine within a makeshift prison cell, evaluating his life, beliefs, and prideful nature. At this moment in Dave Eggers’ Zeitoun Abdulrahman accepts his predicament, God has abandoned him.Wounded within a cage, like a wild animal. Abdulrahman knew his current â€Å"environment would drive any sane man mad† (Eggers 264) indicating that his mind is developing for the worst. Abdulrahman Zeitoun is a person who underwent an enormous change as a result of Hurricane Katrina. The confusion and detachment of his own faith, the marriage between him and Kathy, and the heavy toll Katrina had placed on Abdulrahman presented an enormous change on him. The downfall of Zeitoun shows how people can change at any moment throughout life and the hardship one experience can alter the individual’s perspective completely.

Global article essay essays

Global article essay essays The term global events in Mr. Beekens definition is any incident that gets people react or provokes reactions. Examples are human rights violations, public health issues, economic, technological advances, environment issues, war, and etc. Articles arent really global because not everyone reads nor cares about what is happening. The true point of this assignment is so that Beeken can show all the losers in his class to read articles and newspapers to be informed what is happening around the world or to provoke a reaction from the people. Showing the students that reading and reacting is part of the democratic way. Cancer is such a widespread disease that is known throughout the world and is basically on everyones mind, next to how to kill Saddam/terrorists. Thats what makes cancer such a global issue because the public likes to hear about breakthroughs, treatments, and cures, anything that can help the war on cancer. The articles one, six, and ten are the ten approved articles I have selected are related to cancer. The first one is concerned with prostate cancer, which is a problem for men and their privates. The main purpose of this issue is to tell people, especial men to be in either groups that are the watchful waiting or the surgically removed group. It tells you the pros and cons of both sides, such as if you wait the chances of dying are greater and if you choose surgery it may not even be necessary because the disease is slow growing; many will die with it rather than from it. The next connected article was stopping cancer in its tracks, which involves technological advances t hat allow scientists to identify the first changes in cells as they are overtaken by the cancer. Scientists are also linking the lifestyles we choose to live may have an effect on the cancer or the factors leading to it. I final article that relates cancer by the production of a new drug that is intended...

DRY MIX Experiment Variables Acronym

DRY MIX Experiment Variables Acronym You control and measure variables in an experiment and then record and analyze the data. There is a standard way to graph the data, with the independent variable on the x-axis and the dependent variable on the y-axis. How do you remember what independent and dependent variables are and where to put them on the graph? There is a handy acronym: DRY MIX Meaning Behind the Acronym D dependent variableR responding variableY graph information on the vertical or y-axis M manipulated variableI independent variableX graph information on the horizontal or x-axis Dependent vs. Independent Variables The dependent variable is the one being tested. It is called dependent because it depends on the independent variable. Sometimes it is called the responding variable. The independent variable is the one you change or control in an experiment. Sometimes this is called the manipulated variable or the I do variable. There may be variables that dont make it onto a graph, yet can affect the outcome of an experiment and are important. Controlled and extraneous  variables arent graphed. Controlled or constant  variables are ones you try to keep the same (control) during an experiment. Extraneous variables are unanticipated or accidental effects, which you didnt control, yet which might influence your experiment. Although these variables arent graphed, they should be recorded in a lab book and report.

Analytical report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analytical report - Assignment Example Therefore, mobile telephony technology can be adopted by an agricultural organization due to the various reasons from the analysis be discussed below. The paper will seek to analyze mobile telephony technology in the agricultural sector. Mobile telephony in the agricultural sector can be defined as a process through which farming information services is provided to farmers. This information is provided to farmers who have access to mobile phones. Relevant information provided to farmers include: weather forecasts, product market prices, farming techniques and farming information in general (Rouvinen, 2006). In the process of analyzing agricultural mobile telephony, it is important to know: its advantages, disadvantages, impacts and usage. To begin, Agricultural mobile telephony services is a very easy tool to use and has greatly transformed the operation between producers and consumers globally. In order for a farmer to use this technology, a mobile phone is needed. The mobile phone must first of all be connected to a terrestrial network to enable communication. Moreover, internet accessibility by these phones usually plays a vital in providing additional information. To start using the service, one is required to s ubscribe to the agricultural service on their mobile phones. For example, a farmer can send the word ‘agriculture’ to a number like 211 in order to gain access to the variety of services provided. The farmers can then go ahead and choose their area of specialty. Since agriculture accounts for a large employment population in the rural sector, an agricultural company can effectively use this technology to address various issues that faces the rural agricultural sector such as poor farming methods. The company can benefit from this technology economically in form of investments because of the various advantages that comes with it. For example, the use

The current Shipbuilding market in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The current Shipbuilding market in China - Essay Example The chief products of the Chinese ship manufacturing consist of large sized carriers and oil tankers. China has 70 shipyards that have the capacity to erect ocean gliding vessels. CSSC and CSIC are the main (Schuster, A M.H 2000).ship constructing giants. By 2005, the ship manufacturing authority; COSTICN announced ambitious schemes for the evolution of the Chinese ship designing industry that, the industry is scheduled to control twenty five percent of the bazaar share in 2010 and ultimately five years later, the projection that China would dominate as the world’s ship constructing nation with respect to tonnages. The contemplations anticipated 24 millions DWT; the analogous control of 35% of the market share. CSSC, the largest shipbuilding category, have committed $ 3.5 billion to enhance a modern shipping base in Chanxing isle of Shanghai. After the accomplishment of CSSC, Changxing would emerge as the leading ship building company world over. Future projections hold the ax iom of thinking that by 2015, three large ship construction centers of the Chinese shipbuilding industry are to be constructed. (Schuster, A M.H 2000). The shipping industry in china is a fundamental monetary domain for China’s very existence. For quite along time, the industry has been the main foreign exchange earner for China. China ship construction entry into the international market commenced in 1978. The industry has proved successful for the last 26 years. On the fourth year of the 21st century, China’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was at 1.65 trillions, and as such it was positioned number seven globally, (Hutchins, J.G.B 1941). If rating is anything to go by, then China is the only developing country to feature among the top ten nations globally, in terms of GDP. For the last 25 years, the Chinese economy has maintained a high growth tempo, which is relatively at 9.4 percent per annum. With the impeccable statistics, it is therefore true that China is the

Female Education Essay Example for Free

Female Education Essay Intrcduction: Education means mental and moral training. It is the light that clears off the darkness of ignorance from our mental horizon. It open wide to our vision the vastness of God’s creation and enables us to think about the merciful creator of this universe. It is a blessing. It ensures a perfect and harmonious development of our innate qualities and makes us worthy of the name `Ashraful Makhlukat’ Education should be universal: Education is a light to which everybody has the equal right. When God created man and woman, he drew no hard and fast line of distinction between them. He endowed them all equally with the bright and noble faculties. So education cannot be an exclusive possession of any class or sect or sex. So God made the pursuit of knowledge compulsory for every man and woman. So education should be universal. It should be imparted to both man and woman, Who form one-half of the population. They should not be refused the benefits of education. View against female education: There are, however, some people who are strongly opposed to the female education. They say that it is useless to impart education to women, whose duties are confined to household affairs, rearing of children and ministering to the comforts of their male parents. Reasons for educating women: It is true that women have many special tasks in life and there sphere of duties are different from those of men. But we should that these tasks also need training and education. Unless women get proper education, all their prospective faculties get crippled. It is only by imparting proper education to them that we can expect them to discharge the duties nicely and decently. Secondly, education of children depends a great deal upon mothers. Childhood is the most impressionable stage and anything good or bad, taught to child makes an indelible mark on his mind. Can we have educated and ideal citizens when the mothers themselves are foolish and ignorant ? No, we can not. Thirdly, every woman is a potential mother. The future of a child greatly depends on how it is brought up and educated in childhood. An educated mother is naturally expected to bring up and educate her children better than an uneducated mother. Fourthly, social responsibilities should also be shared by men and women. In domestic life a woman can lend a helping hand to her husband. when a husband returns home extremely tired after the day’s hard toil in the outside world, it is for her to cheer him up and to make his life easy and comfortable. She serves as the best and truest friend and her words go a long way towards influencing her husband for what is good and noble. these are the strongest points in favour of female education. However, opinions may differ in respect of the nature of education to be imparted to woman. Traditional system of education for girls to be changed: Our main object is to educate our women systematically and carefully. By education we do not mean the winning of different Degrees of the university. The traditional system of education for girls should be changed. Cooking, Sewing, Child rearing, Home Economics and Nursing should be introduced in the curriculum of their studies. studies. Some are under the impression that education makes woman foppish, weak and quite incapable of discharging their domestic duties. But they must know what makes them so is not education at all. Early marriage should be abolished : Early marriage is one of the hindrances to female education in our country. It is a custom among the muslims to get their daughters and sisters married before they attain puberty. they are married before they understand well their duties as wives and often they become mothers before they pass their girlhood. so the system by all means be abolished from our society. Conclusion: All steps necessary should be taken to encourage universal female education for the survival of our nation. It is heartening to note that the Government has recently declared free and compulsory education for rural girls upto class [pic].

Can The Prince be Applied to the Politics of Modern Society? Essay

Niccolà ³ Machiavelli wrote The Prince in order to set forth certain guidelines the ruler of a state must follow in order to rule successfully. During Machiavelli’s time the world was filled with monarchies and other forms of government that act differently from the common democracy that is in the world today. Could a political book written in the 16th century still have value in today’s politics? In order to answer this question, this paper will take an in depth look at Barrack Obama, to determine whether he is following the guidelines Machiavelli has created. I argue that the majority of the guidelines are still followed today, thus The Prince sets forth ideas that still hold value in today’s political society. Niccolà ² di Bernadrdo de’ Machiavelli was a resident of Florence, Italy, andwas unable to participate in government due to the lack of his father’s wealth (Rebhorn, Introduction, pg.15). Little is known about Machiavelli’s youth; records of him don’t start showing up again until 1498 when he was reinstalled in the newly elected city government, which had just overthrown the Medici family. There he worked in numerous government positions until 1512 when Spain invaded Italy and the Medici family reclaimed power. They imprisoned him and he was eventually exiled outside of Florence. This is where he wrote The Prince, as a guide for Italy and Florence to have a balance of power and control. His writings are based on the current political atmosphere of his time and historical examples from other states, in order to create a certain guideline to monarchs on how they should rule (Rebhorn, Introduction, pg. 15). First Machiavelli gives the guidelines for how a new principality should be created from an existing one. In the ... ...KWTX, 27 Oct. 2008. Web. 08 May 2014. Leigh, David, James Ball, Ian Cobain, and Jason Burke. "Guantà ¡namo Leaks Lift Lid on World's Most Controversial Prison." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 25 Apr. 2011. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. Machiavelli, Niccolà ², and Wayne A. Rebhorn. The Prince and Other Writings. New York: Barnes & Noble Classics, 2003. Print. Manuel, Dave. "US Military Spending Over the Years." DaveManuel.com. N.p., 14 June 2010. Web. 16 Apr. 2014. McHenry, Robert. "Impeach Obama, Already?" Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 10 Nov. 2008. Web. 08 May 2014. Peter, Bergen, Sterman David, Emily Schneider, and Bailey Cahall. "Do NSA's Bulk Surveillance Programs Stop Terrorists? | NewAmerica.org." Do NSA's Bulk Surveillance Programs Stop Terrorists? New America Foundation, 13 Jan. 2014. Web. 14 Apr. 2014.

The Impact of Donor Funding on Nra- Sierra Leone

INTRODUCTION The act of the National Revenue Authority came into being on 13 September 2002. The National Revenue Authority has a mandate to administer and collect all taxes, revenues and all penalties as stated in the NRA act. The purpose of the National Revenue Authority is to serve as a central body for the collection and assessment of national revenue.The implementation procedures and policies by the National Revenue Authority will ensure that revenues are collected efficiently by enforcing specified laws through the provision of robust administration. However, the capacity of the NRA was inadequate to efficiently perform its mandates and mobilize the revenue needed for the socio-economic development. Against this background, several donor organizations including Dfid opted to support the capacity building drive of the NRA.This study focuses on Dfid as one of the major donors supporting the NRA. I will attempt to analyze the impact of Dfid intervention in NRA, with specific focus on staff capacity and revenue mobilization. IMPACT OF DONOR FUNDING ON THE OPERATION OF NATIONAL RENVENUE AUTHORITY With Dfid funding in July 2009, to strengthen the performance of NRA through ensuring compliance with international trade agreements, improving business processes and developing staff capabilities.Crown Agents was contracted to provide technical assistance to the National Revenue Authority (NRA) in the Modernization Plan to target a benchmark wherein the institution (NRA) transforms into modern and effective medium through which to secure vital state revenues and to ensure that the newly implemented Goods and Services Tax (GST) is viable and robust wherein NRA will have in place effective compliance management procedures. This reform program has designed to deliver efficient and equitable customs and tax administration procedures to target international practice.Through its continuing support program to NRA, the Department for International Development (Dfid) has pled ge its assurance to achieve the overarching poverty alleviation and the reduction of dependency on foreign aid through the effective collection of revenue which has gradually increase domestic revenue to build the nation from 65% dependency on foreign donors in 2000 to 40% in 2010. The modernization program carried out by crown agent sponsored by Dfid encompassing the following areas: ?Integrated Revenue Management Program- This area focuses on Customs Modernization, Administrative Reform on Domestic Taxes, and the Implementation of Goods and Services Tax (GST). It also looks at the review of laws, procedures and structures to bring them in line with International best practice and to improve NRA's revenue collection base. This modernization component will involve capacity building in improving taxpayers audit and compliance management and assist in the establishment of a new Domestic Taxes Department that will merge GST and Direct Tax operations. Human Resource and Institutional De velopment Program- This modernization program is aimed at developing the human and institutional resource base of NRA by equipping it with modern performance management systems and procedures. Information systems should be enhanced under this program, change management strategies and improved monitoring and evaluation systems throughout the organization. ? Taxpayer Information and Educational Program- This modernization program is aimed at changing the taxpaying culture in Sierra Leone through better information to the public and by assisting individual taxpayers to understand their tax obligations. Consolidation of the Strategic Management Program- This modernization program focuses on the development of the NRA's Strategic Management capacity and institutional footprint with international procedures and policies. Having gone through this modernization program, Dfid contracted another agency known as United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in the provision of AS YCUDA to: ? Abolish the bureaucracy and administrative hard work for both the business community and NRA. ? Reduce the time used in processing and clearing of imported consignments under the previous manual system. Reduce revenue leakages and increases the collection of revenue ? Create transparency in the Customs administration of imports and exports departments in Sierra Leone. ? Assists the Customs Officers in providing consistent, fair and equitable treatment of all traders in applying the legal and regulatory framework ? Create equality and fairness among traders about response service and obligations. ANALYSIS ON THE IMPACT OF DONOR FUNDING ON THE OPERATION OF NATIONAL RENVENUE AUTHORITY Having looked at the impact of donor funding on the operations of National Revenue Authority (NRA).Their involvement in developmental activities in strengthening the performance of NRA through ensuring compliance with international trade agreements is far yet to be achieved base on the moderni zation plan, but having said this, progress is on the way which has created an impact on the operations of the institution. Analyzing further, as to what the donor funds have done in the operation of National Revenue Authority may be highlighted below. ? Enable senior management to focus on the â€Å"strategic† issues, which will inevitably arise within individual Program and the overall Plan itself, leaving tactical decisions to middle managers. Minimize leakage and other revenue losses by reducing discretion, curbing smuggling, and instituting systems and control. ? Increase revenue collection by improving on the efficiency of the current revenue administration and then expand the revenue base by tapping into new taxpayers, facilitate trade, take advantage of opportunities and deal with challenges in the revenue administration environment. ? Reduce existing arrears to 5% using persuasion where necessary or litigation ? Improved and enhanced tax administration by computeriza tion of operational and administration system. Develop and implement a robust monitoring and evaluation system ? Effectively monitor and control bonded warehouses to ensure compliance with laws and regulations, and verify inventories and internal controls on a quarterly basis. National Revenue Authority benefiting from donor partners has created an impetus on its operations. Therefore, having implemented all the modernization plans will help NRA to increase their revenue collection base by strengthening the capacity of staffs.The introduction of GST under the integrated management program as one of the modernization plan has help NRA to increase the Domestic Revenue which has reduced the dependency of foreign donors in our economy. The launching of ASYCUDA will reduce the bureaucratic and administrative work on both NRA and the community in reducing the time spent on processing and clearing of imported consignments under the previous manual system. ASYCUDA will reduce revenue leakag es and increase revenue collection and transparency in the Customs administration of imports and exports departments in Sierra Leone.CONCLUSION Donor funding has increasingly affected the operation of National Revenue Authority in diverse ways and as a result, to that, revenue generation has increase tremendously, which has reduced the dependency on foreign donors. Modernization plan is a funded program by Dfid but contracted Crown Agent in the implementation of the plans and they further contracted UNCTAD in the provision of ASYCUDA in reducing revenue leakages and the increases revenue base. It further reduced the bureaucratic and administrative work on both NRA and the community. References: Revenue and tax Policy Unit- MOFED Modernization Unit- NRA Website

Edgar Allan Poe Works Essay

Edgar Allan Poe said â€Å"I became insane, with long intervals of horrible sanity.† Throughout his short stories; â€Å"The Black Cat† and â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†, Poe sets up his characters to subconsciously reveal their insanity. Often using syntax clues and patterns, Poe shows the madness of the narrators of his short stories. The constant theme of denial of insanity further convinces the reader of the character’s psychosis. Characters themselves often prove they are not in touch with reality through their actions. Through syntax, denial of insanity, and character’s actions, Poe allows his narrators in â€Å"The Black Cat† and â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† to reveal their own insanity. Sentence structure is used consistently by Poe in his short stories to aid in his character’s revealing their own insanity. When the narrator in â€Å"The Black Cat† is listing the pets he and his wife have, the last one he lists is a c at. â€Å"We had birds, gold-fish, a fine dog, rabbits, a small monkey, and a cat.† (Poe H/O) The cat is italicized, causing the reader to wonder why the emphasis is so important. As the reader progresses through the rest of the story, it becomes evident that the cat is of a strong significance to the narrator. In â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†, the narrator has some sort of disease that heightens his senses. He also has a type of obsessive compulsive disorder, causing him to fixate on his roommate’s clouded eye. In the beginning of the story, he says â€Å"I think it was his eye!-yes, it was this!† (Poe H/O) The short choppy thought pattern here shows the mind of the narrator is less than sound. While in â€Å"The Black Cat†, the syntax proof is less obvious, though foreshadowing the story by placing such a subtle hint as to how much the cat really matters in the rest of the story, the grammatical clues in â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† are much more obvious because they pertain more to the thoughts of the narrator. Listening and paying attention t o how speakers and narrators in talk in any text are vital in understanding their character. By noting how Poe uses grammar and context clues, readers can more deeply understand the mind of the narrator. Syntax isn’t the only way Poe manipulates his narrators to show their own madness. The constant theme of denial of insanity further convinces the reader of the characters’ senselessness. Poe, in â€Å"The Black Cat† writes â€Å"Mad indeed would I be to expect it, in a case where my very senses reject their own evidence. Yet, mad I am not – and surely do I not dream.†(H/O). Here, the narrator of â€Å"The Black Cat† states that it is possible for his actions and thought process to be interpreted as mad, still in his mind, he is not mad at all. By denying his insanity, the narrator creates a suspicion in the reader, making them question the integrity of his mind. The narrator of â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† is more adamant about repeating the fact that he is not insane. â€Å"†¦will you say that I am mad?†¦I have heard many things in hell. How, then, am I mad?† (Poe H/O) The narrator obviously worries about the fact that people may see him as a lunatic. The reader can infer that by denying his lack of sanity, and clinging to the hope that he may in fact have a sound mind; the narrator has lost all sense of reality, and cannot be trusted. Both of these stories have similar narrators in the sense that they may have once been sane, and a traumatic event has pushed them over the edge into the depths of derangement. While the above points may be valid and prove a point, nothing really shows who someone is more than what he or she may do. The character’s actions in multiple short stories by Poe show that they are not in touch with reality. The short story â€Å"The Black Cat† may have the best example of them all. When the narrator of this tale is hanging his precious, beloved cat, Pluto, he is well aware of his actions, and yet, he cannot stop himself from performing this murderous deed. One morning, in cool blood, I slipped a noose about its neck and hung it to the limb of a tree; – hung it with the tears streaming from my eyes and with the bitterest remorse at my heart; – hung it because I knew that it had loved be, and because I felt it had given me no reason of offense; – hung it because I knew that in so doing, I was committing a sin – a deadly sin that would so jeopardise my immortal soul as to place it – if such a thing were possible – even beyond the reach of the infinite mercy of the Most Merciful and Most Terrible God. (Poe H/O)

Economic Intervention by Government

Economic Intervention by Government Free Online Research Papers In todays world there are various kind of entities. Some entities can do no wrong, such as the WHO or greenpeace. They can do whatever they like and still end up smelling of roses. The government, however can evidently do no right. Today, wherever you turn you find some bloke clamoring for less government intervention or more government intervention and generally complaining about how governments have not been this bad since the bad old days of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq. My aim in writing this paper is to present a model of governance through which the debate regarding intervention may perhaps be put to rest. Firstly let us look at what government intervention is and why it can be a problem. The primary task of the government is to form legislation to ensure the external and internal security of its people and propagate an environment where it is possible for any one and every one to self actualize. So, a criminal in jail is not entitled to protest the government intervention. Government intervention refers to an intervention purely in an economic sense which distorts the market for any or all goods by affecting demand, supply, or (more likely) both. The theory of free markets says that if everybody is left to do what they like, sellers will charge whatever price they like and buyers will pay whatever price they like. However for business to ensue they must be brought on to the same page, that is, the same price, a price at which the seller is happy selling and a buyer is happy buying. Then the government crashes the party. A prime example of how the government can intervene in a market is through taxes. If, a tax is levied on a particular good, it becomes more expensive and some people can no longer afford it, so the demand contracts. The sellers are now selling far less than they were initially. This is known as a distortion in the market. Other ways in which government intervention may distort a market is through subsidies, through price regulation, through trade tariffs etc. When there is no government intervention, the role of the government is to just stand around lamely while business is conducted and to help out in case of emergencies, for example the government of the US bailed out major banks during the recession. However, it is entirely possible that some timely intervention by the government may just have nipped the problem in the bud. So, to intervene or not to intervene, that is the question. I believe that the government should exist in the market as a corporate entity. That is, it should be a participant, not a regulator and therefore it can alter the market without distorting it. Here we must note that in all non economic matters the government must continue to function as it does presently, so if you kill someone, you will still go to jail. The government would be like any other large company with multiple diversified interests, such as construction (housing, roadways etc) , banking, power generation, telecom etc. All public sector industries will be opened to up to allow private players free entry and exit. Initially the government will be humungous with its influence extending to more or less every industry in the country. However, like every large corporation the government will face skyrocketing costs and sluggish revenue growth. Why? The government has a very large workforce which is very hard to monitor, and therefore tends to be a tad less productive than it ought to be. This is known as managerial diseconomies. This will prompt the government to externalize as many process’ as it can to try and minimize its technical and managerial diseconomies. This will lead to a lot of collateral growth in these industries. This will allow the government to enforce all its welfare measures without distorting the market. Consider the case of the minimum wage. Earlier this acted like a price floor in the factor market, which was distorting the market. It was also a mammoth failure as hardly anyone complied with the norms. However if the government, as a company was to offer employment at a particular wage rate, all the other companies would be forced to comply, otherwise they would find themselves without an adequately large labour force. The motive of the government will be long term welfare maximization, however it will have to generate at least normal profits. Now, ordinarily normal profits are the factor rewards for the entrepreneur, however in this case these profits are used to pay the dividends to the investors This company like all companies will be run on investment, with one major difference; The government of india as an institution belongs to every citizen of india. Similarly, the government of india as a company also belongs to every citizen of india, that is every citizen is a shareholder, however, it is not compulsory for every citizen to invest their savings, therefore investing in the government does not make you a shareholder, it only entitles you to claim a dividend. Also, the amount that one invests does not determine how much of the government one owns, every citizen has an equal share, however a larger investment will necessarily mean a higher dividend. What this does is, it still maintains the democratic nature of our country, but it incentivises investment. The largest implication of this model is that the citizens now have to pay far lower taxes. The only areas that the government is entitled to fund from tax revenue are defense and law and order. All other industries are now funded by investment. This would make it possible for the government to only tax the higher income groups, or to tax the middle and higher income groups a lot less than they do at present. All the various indirect taxes such as sales tax, vat, excise etc can no longer be levied. This step would make the government far more accountable to the people on a day to day basis. If the government is not performing then their stock price is going to fall massively. This will force the government to shake their malaise in order to compete in the market. It will force the government to be aware of all the corruption in the system to which it would ordinarily turn a blind eye. It will force the government to appoint competent ministers. No more will sick industries be allowed to lumber along for years, if a particular part is not performing the government will have to shape up or ship out, it cant afford to have any non performance. This would force the government to set up large think tanks in order to find solutions to these problems. This would create a large demand for highly educated researchers. The problem with our country is that our government is too complacent. Once elected, they know that for the next five years they don’t have anyone to answer to. The bureaucratic machinery is large and unwieldy and this makes officers at every level corrupt because they feel like they can get away with it. Public sector industries are sick and underperforming.The problem is that there are no consequences that the government has to face for these inefficiencies If the government was to enter the market, the government would be forced to be efficient in order to compete, or they would lag behind. Research Papers on Economic Intervention by GovernmentPETSTEL analysis of IndiaDefinition of Export QuotasQuebec and CanadaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationBringing Democracy to AfricaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaTwilight of the UAWAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Analysis and Interpretation of Don Juan

Byron coined the term â€Å"Byronic Hero†. Don Juan is definitely a Byronic Hero. He has all the Characteristics of a Byronic Hero. This poem constantly takes me back to the 1800s, because at that time women had no rights at all. If they married someone then they were treated like property of their husbands and if they stayed single then their parents dictated every single thing she did with every single person. For most part women were not allowed to stay single unless they were nuns or prostitutes. Even when they were married they were not allowed to hold control of inherited wealth. They did not have the right to own a slave or even vote. Women were economically dependent. If a woman did something wrong and people find out about it, she would be tainted and blemished forever and also banished from society but if a man does the same thing or even worse, he could still be able to hold his head up high in society. Julia married Alfonso only because she had to. Alfonso never showed his jealousy because nobody likes a jealous person. Alfonso cared about what people thought and he was cleaver and careful. He never wanted people to know about his illegal affairs. I personally think Donna Inez is a psychopath and a Sociopath both. I mean why else would she use her son to destroy the relationship of her lover and his wife. Julia is not as complicated as Inez. Julia does not realize what Inez had in her mind. I think she thought Inez actually wanted to be her friend. Being a simple girl Julia probably didn’t know about Alfonso and Inez’s affair. When Juan was a child Julia showed affection for him but that was just normal and innocent. When Juan hit puberty something changed between both of them. They felt attracted to each other. As a grown woman Julia realized why she was feeling this way. But Juan is completely different. His mother never let him mix and mingle with people of his own age. At first he didn’t even realize what was happening to him. This poem follows a third person point of view. In these stanza’s Byron talks about lot of important issues but the tone is always humorous and satiric. Don Juan is a lot like Byron himself. The difference is Byron was highly educated and Juan had no interest in that line. Analysis and Interpretation of Don Juan Byron coined the term â€Å"Byronic Hero†. Don Juan is definitely a Byronic Hero. He has all the Characteristics of a Byronic Hero. This poem constantly takes me back to the 1800s, because at that time women had no rights at all. If they married someone then they were treated like property of their husbands and if they stayed single then their parents dictated every single thing she did with every single person. For most part women were not allowed to stay single unless they were nuns or prostitutes. Even when they were married they were not allowed to hold control of inherited wealth. They did not have the right to own a slave or even vote. Women were economically dependent. If a woman did something wrong and people find out about it, she would be tainted and blemished forever and also banished from society but if a man does the same thing or even worse, he could still be able to hold his head up high in society. Julia married Alfonso only because she had to. Alfonso never showed his jealousy because nobody likes a jealous person. Alfonso cared about what people thought and he was cleaver and careful. He never wanted people to know about his illegal affairs. I personally think Donna Inez is a psychopath and a Sociopath both. I mean why else would she use her son to destroy the relationship of her lover and his wife. Julia is not as complicated as Inez. Julia does not realize what Inez had in her mind. I think she thought Inez actually wanted to be her friend. Being a simple girl Julia probably didn’t know about Alfonso and Inez’s affair. When Juan was a child Julia showed affection for him but that was just normal and innocent. When Juan hit puberty something changed between both of them. They felt attracted to each other. As a grown woman Julia realized why she was feeling this way. But Juan is completely different. His mother never let him mix and mingle with people of his own age. At first he didn’t even realize what was happening to him. This poem follows a third person point of view. In these stanza’s Byron talks about lot of important issues but the tone is always humorous and satiric. Don Juan is a lot like Byron himself. The difference is Byron was highly educated and Juan had no interest in that line.

Equal Opportunity and the Law in the United States Research Paper

Equal Opportunity and the Law in the United States - Research Paper Example There are numerous research papers, books, journal articles and many other web sources which provide a detailed account of history of law making related to equal opportunity in United States and its prevailing practices along with application. In order to examine the general treatment of equal employment opportunity, it is important to evaluate the prevailing law in United States. According to details provided by department of labor (2012), no discrimination in the pursuit of providing and employment and financial assistance, must be exercised on the basis of age, disability, gender, immigrants and veterans. However, as far as veterans are concerned, it is important for the employers to ensure the validity of the working permits and residential visas. Where the details given on this website are reflective of United States’ policy about equal opportunity, its reliability an authenticity is evident by the source itself. The website is owned and managed by US department of labor (DOL) and only reflects the policy of US federal government towards employment laws. The relevant clauses referred on this website are related to Vietnam Era Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act of 1974 (VEVRAA), The Age Discrimination Act of 1975, Section 188 of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 (WIA), Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Executive Order 11246. Instead of stating complete acts and bills, the website only refers to the related areas entailing anti-discriminatory policy related to implement and education. Another source which provides details of equal opportunity laws is the website of Equal Opportunity Commission appointed by United States government. The commission is responsible to ensure that there are necessary legal procedures in place in order to enforce equal opportunity as a legal requirement. The commission has presented guidelines which cover financial assistance, employment and education (EEOC, 2009). Through these guidelines, the US gov ernment has provided a clear structure to private employers, state and local governments, educational institutions, employment agencies and labor unions which provide details of relevant acts and bills, refraining from any kind of discrimination on the basis of ethnicity, race, religion, disability, marital status and gender (EEOC, 2009). Another important addition in EEOC guidelines is Title II of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 prohibits employers from requiring any kind of genetic information from the applicants, employees and their relatives. This clause is to ensure that personal independence and privacy of any individual is not exploited. The content mentioned in this web source is reliable as it is extracted from the website of Equal Opportunity Commission which is a body representing government. Also, the content is elaborated with the help of prevailing legislation, therefore its authenticity cannot b doubted. In order to understand how equal opportuni ty became part of US law and an integral component of human resource management, the book written by Frank Dobbin (2011), named as ‘Inventing Equal Opportunity’ is one of the most preferred books. The book provides details as to how the equal opportunity regime was developed, adopted and accepted. According to Dobbin (2011), Equal opportunity law is an offshoot of Civil Rights 1964. Dobbin further asserts that it is

Commercial Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Commercial Contracts - Essay Example This paper examines two approaches for interpreting commercial contracts in courts of law. The paper assesses the literal and purposive approach to examining and interpreting contracts in courts of law. The paper will assess the advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches and come up with a conclusion on the subject and the evolution process. Literal Approach In commercial contracts, the parties come up with their own terms for the exchange of consideration between them. As such, they write down the terms and conditions for the exchange of consideration. According to Lord Staughton, where there is a dispute in such a contract, the court needs to detect the meaning of the terms and this is a question of law for the judge and not a question of fact for the jury4. Hence, the Judge presiding over the case needs to use an approach to ascertain the facts and what the parties in the contract meant in order to resolve the issue at hand. In the past, most courts used the literal approa ch, this is steeped in the objective approach to the interpretation of contracts5. This is based on the premise that â€Å"... the intentions in the heart of a person is not in man's ability to judge, but change caused by reason of the promise†6. Traditionally, the law of contract is based on negotiations and the promises that were exchanged during negotiations. Also, some of the core maxims of the law of contract made it difficult for the judges to use any other methodology than the literal approach. For instant, English law states that consideration must be sufficient and not adequate. This therefore means that the doctrine of â€Å"caveat emptor†, which requires the parties entering a contract to be careful, will act as an estoppel to prevent judges from interpreting the law in any system or structure that would support an attempt to assess intent. Strictly speaking, the objective approach should be the basis for the interpretation of contracts even if it causes ser ious hardships for one of the parties. In the case of Arcos Ltd V E. A. Romaasen and Sons7, it was held that any express term that is breached in contract renders it null and void. This is because the express terms often form conditions and these conditions must be discharged, otherwise the aggrieved party gets the right to back out of the contract. In Bunge Corporation V Tradax SA8, there was a contract for the mercantile supply of goods. Clause 7 of the contract gave one of the parties the right to terminate the contact if there was a delay. Lord Wilberforce held that time was of the essence in the contract and in the mercantile industry, time lapses were severe enough to merit a cancellation of an entire contract. Lord Scarman and Lord Roskill concurred. Some judges like Lord Staughton hold the view that the court needs to be very careful not to overlook the original terms of the contract to apply new interpretations9. This means that the literal approach is the default Common La w approach to cases relating to the law of contract. Purposive Approach In Codelfa V State Rail Authority10, Lord Brennan stated that â€Å"the symbols of language convey meaning according to the circumstances in which they were used†. This therefore means that words in itself are meaningless and the literal application of such words might be devoid of the bigger picture and have some limitations. As such, a Judge will need to use a purposive approach to integrate the context,

Boeing Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Boeing Company - Research Paper Example Boeing organization has a very unique business structure, which consist of two business solutions that are tied together. The two businesses of the Boeing organization are commercial airlines and the integrated defense system. The driving force behind the Boeing organization is the stakeholders, which include the employees, customers, communities and shareholders (Berridge, 2003). The management model used to direct the planning and focus of the company is a simple and effective method of planning and analysis that yield better results for the business. Good business results are driven by the Boeing’s aptitude to encourage leadership and growth in the organization. Boeing receives performance –driven management at all levels since it makes its employees to share in both their successes and failures through education. Planning is concerned with the future consequences and impacts of the present decisions of a company. In other words, Planning is a very important function of management and operation of Boeing Company. For this reason, staff cannot be mobilized and production can not begin unless planning is completed. The major function of management in any organization is to maximize the profits in order to benefit the company and the owners.

United Colors of Benetton Controversial Advertising Campaign

United Colors of Benetton Controversial Advertising Campaign MOHAMED RAFIQUE BIN RAMLAN The United Colors of Benetton Controversial Advertising Campaigns: An Analysis on Power of Determining the Meaning of Media Text The need to effectively sell to consumers throughout many cultures across world borders compelled businesses to tailor their advertising strategies to appeal to different geographic markets. The United Colors of Benetton however, has been employing the opposite strategy by trying to impart a single, what the brand perceived to be universally accepted message that would generate positive responses from all consumers regardless of their geographical, sociological, psychological, cultural, and economical make-up. Ironically, historically speaking, the brand’s campaigns, which had a reputation of being controversial despite claimed as an effort to promote universally positive values have consistently sparked negative responses from their audiences (Boches, 2011). The reason for this disconnection between the expected results and actual outcomes is that the campaigns depicted perceivably negative images so explicitly that they ended up misleading the audiences away from the brandâ €™s well-intended meaning. According to Hall, the apparent meaning (how the meaning is ultimately perceived by the audience, regardless whether it aligned with the intended meaning) of a media text is not solely inherent in the text itself nor the institution responsible for its production. It varies according to the interpretations of its audiences. It highly correlates with and dependent on the audiences’ cultural background, economic standing and personal experiences, and everything else the audiences had already identified and acknowledged (Hall, 1973). Hall added that the audiences are capable and often do distort the messages themselves through collective action, whether consciously or subconsciously. Thus, the audiences effectively became active participants in decoding media texts’ messages as they impose their own social context in their interpretations. Thus, the thesis of this essay is that the power to determine the meaning of a media text lies primarily with the audience. This essay analyzes three of the brands campaigns, focusing on the formation process of audiences’ perceptions on each campaign, which can be categorised into three different positions as proposed by Stuart Hall’s model of communication theory. In 1980s, acclaimed photographer Olivero Toscani captured the image for the brand’s notorious campaign, which the brand claimed to be an effort to raise awareness on social issues pertaining to race and effectively promote the value of racial integration (Elliot, 1991). The print ad for the campaign portrayed a depiction of a (apparently Caucasian) white skinned girl innocently posing side-by-side with a (apparently of African ethnicity) black skinned girl. At face value, this print ad seemed to be just another print ad promoting multi-racial value. With closer inspection, the print advert added to the negative representation of black people in the media. The black skinned girl appeared to be somewhat dark and grimy. There is no representation of happiness in the look in her face. The eyes giving the expression of emotionless and cold with her insipid stare, half of her appearance hidden by dark shadows with no smile on her face and hair styled with spikes which somewhat resem bles a pair of tiny horns. This connotation of obscurity is reflected to the arbitrary meaning with malicious in society. In addition, somewhat societies claimed the looks appeared to be somewhat devilish because they associated darkness with negative appearance. (Moore, 1991) However, the white skinned girl quite apparently enhanced with digital editing appeared to look happy and healthy. Her blond curly haired and a smile underneath her rosy cheeks brands her to look innocence and radiant in person. This resembles her to be styled and edited to look somewhat angelic with her cupid-like look. (Moore, 1991) Especially in the U.S., the promotion of racial integration value from this particular print ad was less apparent in comparison to the sensational outburst created by this print ad by apparently reinforcing negative stereotypes on black skinned people. One might argue that portraying obviously negative stereotypes undermines against them rather than reinforces them, but tense racial dynamics in the United States resulted in dominantly negative perception towards the meaning of the print ad. The intended meaning of the print lies at which Hall established as ‘the negotiated position’, where the meaning is in a position that compels the audience to both accept and reject the intended meaning. The portrayal of the black skinned girl as explicitly and unnaturally devilish proved to be counter-productive to the intention of the print ad to promote the values of embracing other cultures and ethnicities. To a certain extent, the audience do recognized and acknowledged the intended meaning, but simultaneously resisted and modified the meaning in a way which reflects their own experiences, interests, and biases (Hall, 1980). Hall stated that â€Å"decoding within the negotiated version contains a mixture of adaptive and oppositional elements†: while the audiences somehow recognized the abstract idea behind what they were perceiving, the formation of meaning in their minds operated at a more restricted, situational condition, establishing new rules which ultim ately shaped the meaning of the media text. In the 1990s, the controversy ignited by the brand’s shocking campaign intensified. The brand’s shift in focus towards more gritty social issues ranging from dying AIDS patient to image of blood-smeared clothes (Mezzofiore, 2011) faced not only negative reaction from audiences, but sparked public protests and banned by many governments across the world. The print ad which depicted the blood-smeared clothes of a dead Croatian soldier was intended as a part of a campaign that promotes anti-war effort (Associated Press, 1994). One argument which could justify the explicitly gory depiction of the print ad is that it makes for an intense emotional appeal to the consumer, evoking feeling of compassion in them and to perceive the brand as sympathetic and with conscience, ultimately increasing brand appeal and loyalty. Ironically, the German court ruled that the print ad could not be published anywhere in the country on ground that using such intense emotional appeal to sell pr oduct is immoral (Walsh, 1995). Many audiences perceived the image as too disturbing to reflect the value of peace the brand claimed to promote and they could not make any sensible connection between print ad and the product the brand is actually selling. In this case, the intended meaning of the campaign was within ‘the oppositional position’ when channelled through a medium ready to be perceived by its audiences. One of the prevailing philosophy of the brand’s advertising strategy was that ‘there are no shocking pictures, only shocking reality’ which reflected the brand’s effort to expose realities that people refuse to see and face. The brand’s campaign strategy relied on the assumption that the value that it is promoting through this campaign is universally positive, and that it is immune to any interpretations (whether or not they are misleading) formed by the audiences on the basis of their overall make-up. In this oppositional position, the audiences understood only the literal meaning of the image and blinded themselves from the intended meaning. The audience decoded the message and formed interpretation in a way the campaign did not foresee. The audiences’ sociological mak e-up has placed the meaning in the oppositional position as to what the meaning was supposed to be. Although some may actually understand the intended meaning, the text of the medium did not speak in the same language as the audiences’, thus they ended up rejecting it. (Hall, 1980) After consistently recorded low sales, presumably due to a string of high-profile yet unpopular ad campaigns (Maguire, 2003), the brand finally employed a drastically different advertising strategy with its ‘Unemployee of the Year’ campaign in 2012 that addressed the issue of youth unemployment. The campaign was also a contest in which unemployed youths could win EUR 5,000 that they would use to implement a project that would create a positive impact on their community (Lidbury, 2012). The campaign featured a series of thematically focused print ads which depicted close-ups of youths paired with captions such as â€Å"Valentina, 30, non-lawyer from Italy†. The brand campaign â€Å"presents a realistic portrait of todays society by actively tackling a current problem, that of youth non-employment and the potential conflict between generations, in order to show it in a new light and create value for the immense human capital of young people.† This time, the c ampaign generated more positive responses in comparison to the previously mentioned campaigns which were perceived as exploitations of social issues that do not attempt to create solutions. In this case, the audiences were located within the dominant point of view where the audiences took the actual meaning of the media text directly and decoded it exactly the way it was encoded. The audience fully shared the text codes and successfully reproduced the text’s intended meaning (Hall, 1980). Since the issues of youth unemployment are arguably universal, misunderstanding during interpreting media text did not occur as both the sender and receiver have the same cultural biases. The sharp turn of strategy made by the brand was evident by criticism that the print ads for the campaign are too boring (Mahdawi, 2012) and did not represent what they have recognized the brand for: controversy. However, this criticism was overwhelmed by the overall positive response towards the brand’s effort to provide solutions to youths’ unemployment. Marketers predicted that the campaign would help the brand build a lasting relationship with its target consumers. The Reception Theory which focuses on the reader’s reception of a literary text or media established that the process of negotiation and opposition of meaning take place when the reader is interpreting the text. A text- be it a book, film, or other creative work are interpreted by their respective audiences who are not behaving passively, but acting as active participants in interpreting the meanings of the text (Morley, 2015) based on their individual make-up. In other words, the meaning of a media text is not inherent within the text itself, but is created within the relationship between the media text and the audience. A correct interpretation of the meaning of a specific text could only occur when the audiences have a shared cultural background and interpreted the text the way the producer of the text presumed it would be interpreted. The less shared heritage an audience has with the producer of the media text, the less likely the audience will be able to recognize the pro ducer’s intended meaning. Two audiences with vastly different cultural, sociological, economical, psychological, and geographical background will extract two very different meanings from the same text. Thus, the power to determine the meaning of a media text lies primarily with the audience. References: (Word Count: 1638) 1. (Fabrica) http://www.seouldesign.or.kr/EBOOK_DATA/pdf/fabrica_seminar.pdf 2. Boches, E. (2011) Three Ways to Look at Benetton: The Cause, The Creative, The Controversy, Creativity Unbound. [Online] Available at: http://edwardboches.com/three-ways-to-look-at-benetton-the-cause-the-creative-the-controversy. (Accessed: December 17th 2014) 3. Gianatasio, D. (2011) Benetton is Not Feeling the Love for its Unhate Kissing Campaign; Pope Ad is Quickly Pulled, Adweek. [Online] Available at: http://www.adweek.com/adfreak/benetton-not-feeling-love-its-unhate-kissing-campaign-136587. (Accessed: December 17th 2014) 4. Crawshaw, S. (1995) Benetton Sued Over Shock Ads, The Independent. [Online] Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/benetton-sued-over-shock-ads-1569139.html. (Accessed December 17th 2014) 5. Walsh, M. W. (1995) German Court Bans Shocking Benetton Ads; Law: Panel Labels as Immoral the Clothiers Campaigns on HIV, Oil Slicks and Child Laborers, Los Angeles Times. [Online] Available at: http://articles.latimes.com/1995-07-07/news/mn-21071_1_benetton-ads. (Accessed: December 17th 2014) 6. Moore, L. W. (1991) Is Ad Theme Racial Harmony or Angel/Devil Stereotype?, Philly.com. [Online] Available at: http://articles.philly.com/1991-09-12/news/25799573_1_benetton-campaign-racial-harmony-oliviero-toscani. (Accessed: December 17th 2014) 7. Elliot, S. (1991) The Media Business: Advertising; Benetton Stirs more Controversy, The New York Times. [Online] Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/23/business/the-media-business-advertising-benetton-stirs-more-controversy.html. (Accessed: December 17th 2014) 8. Mezzofiore, G. (2011) Benetton: A History of Shocking Ad Campaign, International Business Times. [Online] Available at: http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/benetton-history-shocking-ad-campaigns-pictures-252087. (Accessed: December 17th 2014) 9. Kenna, A. (2011) Benetton: A Must-Haves becomes a Has-Been, Bloomberg Business Week Magazine. [Online] Available at: http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/11_12/b4220021488483.htm. (Accessed: December 17th 2014) 10. Hall, Stuart (1980): Encoding/decoding. In Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (Ed.): Culture, Media, Language. London: Hutchinson. 11. Schrà ¸der, Kim Christian. (2000). â€Å"Making sense of audience discourses: Towards a multidimensional model of mass media reception†. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 3:233 12. Salkeld, Richard , 2014. Reading Photographs: An Introduction to the Theory and Meaning of Images. 1st ed. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp64-65 13. Benetton Group Website. [Online] Available at: http://www.benettongroup.com. (Accessed: January 11th 2015) 14. Maguire, M. (2003) United Colors of Benetton: A Company Of Colors And Controversies. GRIN Verlag. 15. â€Å"A campaign to combat the culture of hate†, unhate.benetton.com 16. Mahdawi, A. (2012), ‘Benettons Unemployee of the Year is a Flimsy Attempt at Brand-Aid’, The Guardian, [Online]. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/sep/19/benetton-unemployee-campaign-flimsiest-brand-aid. (Accessed: January 11th 2015). 17. Lidbury, O. (2012) ‘Benetton Launch ‘Unemployee of the Year’ Campaign’, Fashion. [Online] Avalable at: http://origin-fashion.telegraph.co.uk/columns/olivia-bergin/TMG9552570/Benetton-launch-Unemployee-of-the-Year-campaign.html. (Accessed: January 11th 2015). 18. AP News Archive (1994). ‘Latest Benetton Poster Provokes Croat Outrage With Am-Yugoslavia’. [Online] Available at: http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1994/Latest-Benetton-Poster-Provokes-Croat-Outrage-With-AM-Yugoslavia/id-83dd11f663e4b97caf2026954d083f9d. [Accessed 11 January 15]. 19. Morley, D. (2015) ‘Audience Research’, Museum Of Broadcast Communications [Online] Available at: http://www.museum.tv/eotv/audiencerese.htm. [Accessed 11 January 15]. 20. Hall, S. (1973) ‘Encoding/Decoding; Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972-79’, pp. 128-138.

Act 1 :: essays research papers

In any play, the opening act is essential to the purpose of outlining the main themes and characters of the piece. It also reveals the plot and the mood of the play to the audience. Act I of Hamlet is very successful in outlining these aspects and yet is also successful in highlighting the atmosphere of the play and in doing so, suggesting aspects of the play as a whole. Shakespeare communicates this using a variety of dramatic techniques and I will also be outlining these in this essay.One of the most important aspects that is revealed in this act is that of the themes of the play. There are various themes that are suggested but I will comment on those that I consider most important; those of conflict and appearance versus reality. The theme of conflict is one that is emphasised from the start of the Act. The setting which Shakespeare starts the play is dark, desolate and "bitter cold". This aids with the atmosphere of tension as it emphasises the atmosphere that is being communicated; one of tension which in turn suggests conflict. The theme is also established at an early point as even the second line of the play regards a conflict, as Bernado is forced to "Stand, and unfold yourself". From this point onwards the atmosphere of conflict is highlighted by the constant use of military language, "Let us assail your ears...host of heaven". Yet it is also highlighted by other subtle aspects of the Act, the ghost's military apparel and the ongoing conflict between Hamlet and Claudius, "A little more than kin, and less than kind". In my opinion, the need for this conflict to be communicated early in the play was essential as, it is the major theme of the text; Hamlet's inner struggle id the epitome of the conflict in the play and it is this that is the central theme of the play.

Psychological and Sociological Theories of Domestic Violence

Domestic violence is a crime that occurs regularly within the United States. It claims millions of victims each year. There is not a specific cause to establish why domestic violence occurs. However, it has been documented that domestic violence is a product of physical, emotional, sexual, psychological, and any other forms of torture or torment that the particular abuser wishes to employ to gain control or power over their victims (Gosselin, 2005). Due to the complexity of this crime, many criminologists and socialologists have studied its causes and the effects in order to determine social policies and additional theories to better understand the causation of domestic violence. The social policies and theories that are developed from this research can better explain, educate, and assist the victims of domestic abuse, the judicial system, and law enforcement on how to gain a clearer understanding regarding the relationship between crime causation, criminal behavior, and domestic abuse (Greene, Heilburn, Fortune and Nietzel, 2007). Most importantly, the much needed research and data will empower law enforcement with the much needed knowledge to respond and combat the growing epidemic of domestic violence. Crime theories can be grouped into four categories: biological, sociological, psychological, and social-psychological. Each of these theories have assisted the criminal justice system by providing specific knowledge and data that has been helpful with the establishment of laws (specific laws that fit the crime of domestic violence such as the stalking law), sentencing practices (different punishment guidelines for acts of domestic abuse that differ from non-domestic situations), and social policies (aid and education for abuse victims) (Greene, Heilburn, Fortune and Nietzel, 2007). In addition to existing theories, new theories are developed based on the research concluded from studies involving crime victim statistics and punishment of offenders. These theories are established in hopes to develop a means to an end for domestic abuse. Hopefully, there will be a theory developed to end the vicious cycle of abuse so the actions of an abuser can be identified before fatal incidents of abuse begin. When referring to the causation of domestic violence, more than one theory can assist in the explanation of its causation. In my opinion, the sociological theory and the psychological theory best explain the causation of domestic abuse. The sociological theory, otherwise known as the social theory, believes that criminals commit crimes due to social forces, cultural differences, specific religious beliefs, and/or as a result of their surroundings (low income or poverty stricken areas) (Gosselin, 2005). The sociological theory contains two subtopic theories which are called structural and subcultural theories. The structural theory, which applies to domestic violence, believes that individuals who possess low or lack of educational opportunities, a low income status, and/or a lack of community support are susceptible to choose a life of criminal activity (Greene, Heilburn, Fortune and Nietzel, 2007). This theory relates to domestic violence, because it has been established that economic stress is a trigger for abuse, as well as, cultural differences. Offenders that suffer from loss of employment, poverty, limited access to cash or credit, or that have someone who is dependent on them solely for support are, at times, triggered by the stress and lash out on the victim in a physical or emotional manner which results in domestic abuse (Gosselin, 2005). Cultural differences, such as, beliefs that women are inferior to males or women are the property of males, have also sparked incidents of domestic violence which have claimed victims not only in the United States but worldwide. An additional theory that falls under the umbrella of the sociological theory which, in my opinion, explains domestic violence is the rational choice theory. The rational choice theory has laid the groundwork to establish a better understanding regarding social and economically driven behavior (Schacter, Gilbert, & Wegner, 2009). This theory believes that an individual will choose criminal behavior by â€Å"free will† after weighing out the rewards and benefits verses the consequences or punishment for their behavior (Gosselin, 2005). In essence, the abuser will choose domestic violence as a means to the end since they feel control and domination is necessary in order to coexist within personal relationships. On the other hand, if the offender believes the risks outweigh the ability achieve personal gain, control, or satisfaction, he or she may choose not to commit the abuse (Schacter, et al. , 2009). I believe this theory explains the restraint an abuser displays when they carefully select the type of abuse administered to their victims and the length of time they choose to enact the abuse. Most abusers will not openly abuse their victims in front of others in order to deter detection. Detection is not an option for most abusers, since they are familiar with the consequences of their actions. A second example of a theory that would explain domestic violence would be the social learning theory. This theory falls under the category of the psychological theory. The social learning theory is the most relevant theory that applies to criminology. â€Å"Behavior is supported by rewards and extinguished by negative reactions or punishments† (Siegel, 2007, p. 109). The social learning theory believes people are not born with the ability to act in a violent manner. However, theorists suggest and believe aggressive and violent behavior is learned through observation, life experience, and society which will cause an individual to be aggressive and violent to others (Siegel, 2008). It is further believed the behavior manifests in young children when they are subjected to violence and /or aggression they observe from adult role models. In addition, social learning theorists believe this behavior is learned through a process called behavior modeling/modification. The study of behavior is paramount, in order to establish a framework of understanding regarding the motivation behind the abuser’s criminal activity. Behavioral modeling/modification can be described in three principle sources that cause criminal behavior. The sources are family interactions, interactions with mass media, and environmental experiences (Gosselin, 2005). Understanding behavioral modification is important in order to comprehend the root cause of criminal activity. In my opinion and experience with dealing with offenders, the concept of behavioral modification helps to better understand domestic abuse when it occurs from the hands of a previous victim who has turned to a life of offending. There are a number of abusers who claim to have suffered from issues pertaining to relationships with family, had adverse interactions with mass media (pornography), or have suffered adverse environmental experiences (homeless or unemployed) that have caused them to lack the skills needed to maintain a productive relationship within society. The study of family interactions has shown that aggressive children are a part of a family whose members use similar tactics with others, thus, implanting the seed for future abuse. Secondly, studies regarding the effects that mass media have on individuals has shown that video games, television, and other mass media that depicts violence in a rewarding manner, influence the behavior of an individual in a number of ways that can result in future criminal behavior (Siegel, 2008). Lastly, environmental studies regarding he effects society and culture have on an individual, has provided data that concluded individuals from low income areas, which are riddled with crime, are prone to act aggressively more so than individuals who hail from areas with lower crime rates (Siegel, 2008). Thus, observation and learned behavior will lay the groundwork for continued aggressive behavior which may remain with an individual throughout adulthood. Finally, stress due to observing adverse behavior and /or the psychological or emotional effects of learned behavior can be a catalyst for an individual to apply what they have learned by engaging in criminal acts. This may cause repeated cycles of criminal, aggressive, or violent behavior (Siegel, 2008). As we have learned from domestic abuse incidents, a number of abusers do come from low income areas, have endured stress from the observations and learned behavior of others, possess cultural differences, and/or were previously victimized in their lifetime. The cycle of domestic violence is another example that is supported in the psychological theory category. From the previous explanation, it is logical to conclude that the social learning theory suggests the cycle of domestic violence can be explained by the social learning theory. Through learning the weaknesses and observing the shortcomings of a potential victim, the abuser will use their knowledge to enact abuse. The cycle of violence theory, which falls under the psychological theory category, believes there is â€Å"substantial evidence that a generational cycle of violence occurs in domestic assaults† (Gosselin, 2005, p. 77). Many abusers will admit that they have been subjected to a number of factors, such as, being a victim of former abuse at the hands of an immediate family member, have observed the effects of abuse on others, or suffered from stress that allowed them to believe abuse is a means to an end. Personal choice, as referred to by the rational choice theory, suggests the abuser does understand the causes and effects of his or her actions by the selective methods they choose to inflict the abuse. In summary, the exact causation of domestic violence is a mystery. The true and exact reasoning used by an abuser will remain inside their mind unless they honestly offered to explain their actions. Based on statistical data and research provided by criminologists, we can understand the effect abuse has on an individual, as well as, the methods used to commit the offense. Theories are mere suggestions of what may cause incidents. They do not provide the specific answers needed to end the abuse. However, theories do empower law enforcement officers and victimologists with the much needed knowledge to combat abuse and assist victims.

Outline and Assess the View That Vocational Education Simply

Outline and assess the view that vocational education simply trains workers for exploitation. [50] The idea that vocational education allows workers to be exploited is a view held by Marxism. Vocational education is that which gets an individual ready for the workplace, either through a course directly complimenting a skill, like hairdressing, or that which has a broader area of learning. Whilst functionalism sees a great system underlying vocational education, Marxists have a more cynical view of the idea.Vocational education will inevitably have an effect on the economy- hopefully for the better, but Marxists would deny the benefits as overall wealthy, insisting education is a tool in capitalist societies, which control and pacify the working classes. Marxists Bowles and Gintis (1976) suggested that there is a correspondence between educational institutions and the workplace- the working class will stay working class, and characteristics such as self-image, social class identificat ion, demeanour and presentation, will be paralleled within the workplace.Bowles and Gintis also maintained that whilst in school, the teachers were formed in a hierarchical system in which older students seem to be of a higher status than those who are younger; in the workplace, not all workers will be on the same salary in the same department. The overall belief is that the whole system has made it so that the ‘hidden curriculum’ enforces social order, and it marginalises worker, making them struggle for power, and this will create a subservient pool of workers.Durkheim, would disagree along with Davis and Moore, and Parsons, who collectively state that a skilled workforce is a product, and occupational allocation can be a defining outcome of vocational education. This really drives the core values of functionalism, as it seeks to work for the benefit of a consensus society, just trying to get the people back into work and off of welfare.Bowles and Gintis, however can be criticised for determinism, as it is not imperative that all of those who are being educated, hold a passive stance towards the teaching of capitalist values, and it also lumps certain social groups together, thus not motivating change as their argument is that their fate is determined by identification of class and there’ll be no mobility, whilst there are those who have come from nothing and do not show much of a line between education and work- Richard Branson, entrepreneur, for example, ho heads a multi-million pound business, employing many people across the country, despite Branson’s dyslexia and lack of success at school. Willis, regarded as a Neo-Marxist, has also provided critical suggestions against Bowles and Gintis; Willis notes there were ideological factors, but having studied the twelve ‘lads’, there was a mix of perspectives and they weren’t all happy with the ideas of the school, not to mention the rejection of the idea that scho ol was at all important to what they wanted out of life.Willis’s perspective shows a more interpretivist approach in which human interpretation was also quite a defining factor- it was the ideas of the 12, which made them enter the blue collar jobs. Then again, Willis’s sample lacks much representation and precision since the sample is extremely small. Social democracy also favours the merits of vocational education, as it is seen to create a competitive economy.New Labour, therefore, had therefore introduced the New Deal- a scheme in which it was ensured that unemployed people would have either full time education or training for a year, or voluntary sector work. This would therefore, supposedly, increase desirability for employment and would contribute to bringing unemployment and lack of skills down in the nation. The New Labour government did defend its intentions to stop making people so reliant on welfare packages like incapacity benefit.It’s solely for th e purpose of getting people into work, and not for the cause of that workplace paying sub-sufficient wages. However the voice of opposition says that the compulsory implementation of this would restore power at the top, and especially with voluntary sector placements, cheap labour would indeed be used to some effect for a long period of time, saving some businesses potentially thousands on each person every six months.Another grievance was put forward by De Waal (2008), who has argued that vocational GCSEs, which are accessible through local colleges and NVQs, are not relevant- they lack the teaching of valuable skills- only to raise the achievement of those less academically endowed to pass the government’s expectations of five A*-Cs at GCSE, as these course have been disproportionate weighting in which the qualification can stand for five GCSEs.It also comes to mind that age 14, an individual won’t be thinking terribly hard about their future ambitions- or at least m ore realistic ones- 14 is too young to allocate them a place, when there are fears that it could reproduce the effects of the tripartite in which superficial role allocation would be used.Hoelscher’s (2008) findings may give direction to some justification of the idea since it was identified that most people in vocational education had proceeded to university, given such status since 1992- ex-polytechnics, for example and that would affect both course and future employability, at least in the field to which their degree applies. Davies and Biesta (2007) can partially reflect this.The couple argue that the experiences will be wide-ranging and will reflect both extremes, from genuinely whole-hearted programmes to get unemployment and dependence down, too, for the benefit of spending less on welfare, whilst the worst could provide almost worthless experiences and a temptation for companies to take advantage of cheap labour – cutting their spending on employment, whilst ge nerating some profit out of their presence at the workplace.This would imply that it is not the cause of vocational education, solely, but more the individual interpretations and experiences- like most things, there will always be those trying to benefit from some kind of system. In conclusion, vocational education- like all education- is going to have two large factors: interpretation and attitude of the individual, and the discipline/ ideals of an institution. It plays a genuine role in at least attempting to do well for society, and not for those CEOs sitting on the top of bonuses.The Marxist evaluation seems almost ungrateful of education overall as it condemns, with theorists such as Bourdieu. Marxism takes individuals as gullible people, who are all part of a single label, which is damaging to the future of vocational education; it is a genuine move towards a more desirable economy, and markets; we all want to thrive and prosper as a nation, rather than suffer at the hands of the minority who are apathetically sponging the unemployment benefits.